The calculator runs your money through two separate engines and adds the answers. The lump sum compounds by itself from day one, and the monthly deposits form a second stream, each payment compounding for the months it spends inside the pot. Nothing mixes until the final addition, which is why the breakdown can show total deposited and interest earned as clean separate lines.
Compounding runs monthly. The calculator slices the annual rate by 12 and applies that slice to the balance every month, so interest itself earns interest from the following month onward. At 4% the monthly slice is a third of one percent, small enough to look harmless and large enough to add £490.83 to a lone £1,000 across ten years.
Each deposit lands at the end of its month in this model, so a payment made today starts earning interest from the next month rather than today. Real accounts credit interest on their own schedules, daily, monthly or yearly, and a daily interest account edges slightly ahead of this projection on identical inputs because its money starts working a few weeks earlier each time.
The deposit stream does the heavy lifting for most savers. In the worked example the lump sum contributes £1,490.83 of the final balance while the deposits contribute £29,449.96, because £200 arrives 120 times. A saver with no lump sum at all still reaches £29,449.96 on the same settings, while the lump sum alone, with no deposits, reaches only £1,490.83.
Watch the balance at the halfway mark to feel the shape of the curve. After five years the same savings stand at £14,480.79, with £1,480.79 of interest inside it. The second five years then add £4,460 of interest, three times what the first five managed, on exactly the same monthly payment.
Stretch the term and the balance between the engines shifts. Across twenty years the same settings deposit £49,000 and finish at £75,577.51, so interest supplies £26,577.51, over a third of the final pot. The lump sum engine reaches £2,222.58 by then, still small beside the deposit stream, but the interest share of the whole pot has nearly doubled from its ten year level.